You probably have a computer. Maybe you have a laptop. Maybe
you have a desktop. But have you ever wondered how these computers work? Well,
if the answer is yes, then you're in luck.
With a computer, there are many different components. Without
one, your computer probably would not work. Let's start with the thing that
holds your computer together.
The first part is the motherboard. I compare this to a heart
because it gives power and commands to all of the other components. Without a
motherboard, your computer would just be a pile of components inside a case.
None of the components would communicate with each other. Almost none of the
components would omit power. Your components simply would not function.
If we have a heart, we have to have a brain. The next
component is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. The CPU, as I said, is like a
brain to the computer. It sends the motherboard all of the commands. It makes
sure that all the components know what they are doing at any specific time.
Without your CPU, your computer wouldn't be able to do anything. None of the
parts would have anything to do.
Next we have either the graphics card (GPU) or integrated
graphics (APU.) These components are what cause the images that appear on your
screen. They are also the most important part for gaming. A good graphics card
can enhance your gaming experience. GPUs
and APUs are a little different though. An APU is built into your CPU. These
are usually not very powerful. This makes sense because they have to share
resources with another part, and they are small. A graphics card is kind of
like a big card. It has at least one fan, and it is normally one of the biggest
components. These can get very powerful, especially compared to APU's. However,
recent APU's have been getting better. They are able to run some games at
medium settings 1080p. A good example is the Ryzen 5 2400G. This has an APU
that is semi-capable of gaming. What I mean by this is it can run games at
1080p low-medium settings. That is graphics units.
Next up we have the memory, or RAM. This is what holds all
the tasks that are currently happening. The minimum you should have today is
4GB (gigabytes), but 8GB is recommended. The RAM stores tasks that are
happening, like web browsing or gaming. It also stores some aspects of your
operating system. Just remember this: RAM is short term memory.
Next we have storage. This is where your files are when you
are not using them. There are hard drives, or HDDs, and there are solid state
drives, or SSDs. Hard drives are much slower, but you can buy mass amounts of
storage like 1TB (1 terabyte = 1000 gigabytes). SSDs are much faster, but the
price reflects that. You can buy a 1TB hard drive for about the same price as a
128GB SSD. There are two different types of SSDs. There are M.2 and SATA. Hard
drives are based on SATA too, but the drive itself is much slower. M.2 SSDs are
the fastest storage type out right now. They are directly connected to your
motherboard. SATA SSDs are connected to your motherboard using a SATA cable,
which is slower. So to sum it up, there are SATA HDDs, SATA SSDs, and M.2 SSDs.
Next we have the power supply. This is your battery in a
laptop. In a desktop, this is what is plugged into the wall. It is a box with
wires going to your motherboard and components. It sends power to everything,
maybe not directly, but it does. Most of the components get power through the
motherboard, which gets its power from here.
Next we have the CPU cooler. Our graphics cards need cooling,
and so do our CPUs. This is the job of the CPU cooler. It’s there to prevent
your CPU from overheating. It simply keeps your computer from exploding.
Another part is the case. This is actually not necessary.
Your computer doesn't need this to operate, but they are always included with
pre-builts, and they make your computer easier to turn on and plug peripherals
such as a mouse, keyboard, and webcam into (there are other examples). Think of
it like the back of your phone. If it isn't there, it's just a motherboard
attached to a screen. So it's pretty important.
Next
we have monitors. These are what you see your images on. This is not an
internal component, but it's an important one. Without this, you could not see
what's going on with your system. With a monitor, there are three main
specifications: resolution, refresh rate, and response time.
First we have resolution, or res. This is how many pixels are
displayed on your screen. The more pixels you have, the better your image is
going to look. Right now, the standard is 1080p (or 1920x1080 pixels). The
current high end is 4k (3840x2160 pixels). The mid range is 1440p (2560x1440
pixels). The higher the resolution gets, the harder it is to run your operating
system and applications.
Refresh rate is how many times in a second your screen
refreshes. The higher the number, the smoother the image. The current standard
is 60 hertz (Hertz can be shortened to hz). The mid range is 144hz. Effective
high end is 288hz. It's harder to run your operating system at higher refresh
rates.
Then we have response time. This is how fast your monitor
changes compared to when you send a new command (move mouse, type on keyboard,
etc.). The current standard is 1ms. This is also the current high end. Some
monitors have a higher than six ms response time, but not many. This mainly
depends on your monitor and cable, not your computer.
Finally, we have your keyboard and mouse. These are what you
use to control everything in your operating system. With a mouse, you move your
cursor. With a keyboard, you type letters and characters into your operating
system. With that being said, let's talk about what your operating system is.
There are three main OSs. They are Windows (by Microsoft),
MacOS (by Apple), and Linux (by Linus Torvalds.) There's a good chance that you
have heard of at least Windows and MacOS. The OS is what all of your apps and
programs run on. Without the OS, you would be stuck with your UEFI, or BIOS.
The BIOS is built into your motherboard. The BIOS is where
you can make your computer run faster. This requires extra power. This is
called overclocking. Overclocking your system requires better cooling and a
better power supply. It may be worth it for some, but definitely not all.
Overclocking can void your warranty, so be careful. Overclocking is definitely
not a necessity.
Finally for software, we have programs. This could be
something like Chrome and Fortnite. It could be CMD (command prompt). It
doesn't matter. Anything that runs on your OS is a program. Everybody uses
programs. Think of programs as a mini operating system. They each function for
a different purpose.
Between all of these components, your computer can function
the way you want it to. Of course, computers keep getting better, but the core
components will stay the same for a long, long time.
-Isaiah
Kushner